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为进一步研究玉米品种登海605不同密度和施肥方式对光合生理的影响,挖掘其增产潜力,建立高产栽培模式。本试验设计5个密度处理(D1、D2、D3、D4、D5)、3种施肥方式处理(S1:农大缓释肥、S2:分次施肥、S3:一次性施肥),并对不同处理的光合指标、叶面积指数、光合有效辐射、透光率等指标进行测定,结果表明:不同的施肥方式上层、中层、下层光合指标变化规律表现一致,各层次表现为上层>中层>下层,S2>S1>S3,玉米植株上层无论哪种处理都能获得足够的光能和CO2,光合指标相差不大,适宜的密度和施肥方式将获得更多的光能、有效辐射,合成有机物,形成更多的干物质积累,从而提高产量。 相似文献
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林分密度对杉木人工林下物种多样性和土壤养分的影响 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
为研究不同林分密度对杉木人工林下物种多样性和土壤养分的影响,以38 a生5种密度杉木人工林为研究对象,调查林下植被,测定土壤理化性质及酶活性,对物种多样性指数和土壤指标进行单因素方差、相关性及主成分分析。结果显示:杉木人工林下物种种类多达121种,灌木层以杜茎山(Maesa japonica)为主,草本层以双盖蕨(Diplazium)、黑足鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fuscipes)等蕨类为主。灌木层和草本层物种多样性各指数大多在初植密度为5 000 hm~(–2)时最高。不同土层间各种土壤养分变化趋势基本一致,不同密度间土壤养分变化趋势不同,更多的土壤养分在高密度或低密度林)分下达到最大。除了p H、有机碳以及纤维素酶外,其他土壤养分受林分密度变化响应均显著(P0.05)。0~20 cm土层的土壤养分与草本层物种多样性关系更为密切,而20~40 cm土层的土壤养分与灌木层物种多样性关系更为密切。p H、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷与灌草层多样性指数的相关性最为密切。主成分分析综合得分显示,初植密度为6 667 hm~(–2)时最高(1.17),第二为3 333 hm~(–2)(0.93),其次为5 000 hm~(–2)(0.28)、1 667 hm~(–2)(0.12)和10 000 hm~(–2)(–2.49),得分前两名显著大于其他得分。以上结果表明,初植密度在5 000 hm~(–2)更有利于林下物种多样性的稳定,但不利于土壤养分的累积;密度过低或过高皆不利于土壤理化性质和植物多样性的发展,特别是密度过高时,对林地伤害巨大;基于土壤理化性质和植物多样性的主成分分析结果出现"驼峰模式",杉木人工林初植密度6 667 hm~(–2)和3 333 hm~(–2)更适合土壤理化性质和植物多样性的发展。 相似文献
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Consistent spray coverage that is evenly distributed throughout the canopy is necessary to control pest populations that can negatively affect yield. As applicators are switching to Coarser spray quality nozzles to reduce risk and liability of pesticide spray drift, concerns about efficacy loss are growing. Previous research has indicated that small droplets are the most effective at penetrating through crop canopies, but newer nozzle technologies have improved the effectiveness of larger droplet or Coarser sprays. Research was conducted to assess the canopy penetration of nozzles that produce Coarse, Very-Coarse and Extremely-Coarse spray qualities compared to nozzles that produce Fine and Medium spray qualities. Kromekote collectors were positioned in four configurations in an oat (Avena sativa L.) var. ‘Yarran’ (AusWest Seeds, Forbes, NSW, Australia) crop to quantify the coverage and droplet number densities (droplets cm−2) across three application carrier volume rates: 50, 75 and 100 L ha−1. Applications were made in the field in 30 cm tall, tillering oats, with collectors arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The entire study was repeated on the following day. Results showed that droplet number densities were inversely related to the droplet size produced by the nozzles, yet coverage was increased more by application volume rate than droplet size. Thus, both spray drift reduction and improved canopy penetration can be achieved with proper nozzle selection and operation parameters for the control of agronomic pests. 相似文献
97.
Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH4 emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH4 production and oxidation and CH4 emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH4 emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH4 production with a smaller reduction in soil CH4 oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions. 相似文献
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Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM10 concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM10 mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM10 mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM10 concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM10 distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution. 相似文献
99.
Addition of structural complexity – contrasting effect on juvenile brown trout in a natural stream 下载免费PDF全文
Johan Höjesjö Elin Gunve Torgny Bohlin Jörgen I. Johnsson 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2015,24(4):608-615
In a field experiment, we examined the effects of structural complexity in the form of added artificial plastic plants and shredded plastic bags on growth and abundance of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta). Just after emergence, the added complexity had a positive effect on the density, biomass and condition factor of young‐of‐the‐year (0+) brown trout. This difference in density was not present six weeks later. In contrast, both young‐of‐the‐year and older brown trout generally tended to be larger in the simple habitat. Hence, our data suggest that increased complexity initially is beneficial for young‐of‐the‐year individuals probably due to lower risk of predation and increased densities of prey. However, as density increases in the complex environment, it may induce negative density‐dependent effects, here reflected in smaller sized fish in the complex environment. This might force fish to redistribute to habitats with lower densities of conspecifics as they grow larger. We propose that habitat complexity can increase survival of yearlings in early phases and thereby also affect the overall population structure of brown trout in natural streams. 相似文献
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